نشریه علوم دانشگاه خوارزمی
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار 1382)

Cadmium is an important environmental pollutant with much application. The main use of this metal is in electroplating and used as a cathode material for nickel cadmium batteries. Chronic exposure to cadmium can result in damaging of various tissues such as the liver, kidney and tested. In this study, we used cadmium chloride at a dose of 2mg/kg, taurine at a dose of 400mg/kg; both were used intreperitneal administration for the long-term treatment for 4 weeks (two days in week). The parameters include relative testicular weight, body weight, testicular volume, the thickness of tunca alboginea and spermatogonia A and B, spermatocyte, spermatid, leyding cell and sertoli cellwere investigated. The results indicated that cadmium significantly increased the thickness of tunca alboginea and relative testicular weight, whereas, the other parameters were significantly decreased also no change never observed after treatment with a combination of taurine and cadmium. This results demonstrated that cadmium induced damage was protected by taurne in mice.

Ab-e-garm village situated 85km to sw of Ghazvin, and the studied area located somewhere around. From geographical point of view this area is the Soltanieh mountains continuation in Kabudar Ahang geological quadrangle. Lower Cretaceous igneous rocks in this area consist of: spilitic basalt, alkali olivine basalt, basalt, mugearite and trachy-basalt, which would be seen as lava and tuff, and their intrusives are mostly, microgabbro, pyroxene hornblende gabbro and mela gabbro. These igneous rocks are of alkaline series. Good correlations and continuous trends of main element oxides vs. silica in chemical variation diagrams, confirm genetic relationship between different facies. Comparison of geochemical data and petrography of these rocks shows that seperation of OL, PX and magnetite caused parent magma differentiation, ended into formation of different terms from it. With respect to continental rifts abundances between small continent boundaries in Iran in lower Cretaceous time, it is possible that the lower Cretaceous igneous rocks of Ab-e-garm area be related to these rifts or back arc zone of oceanic crust subduction between these small continents, however,to distinguish exact history of Ab-e-garm area we do need much more data at this time

An in vitro method was developed for high frequency shoot regeneration and Agrob-acterium-mediated transformation of Brassica napus hypocotyl explants. The different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA), 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg l-1, and thidiazuron (TDZ), 0, 0.15 and 0.30 mg l-1 were evaluated for shoot regeneration using hypocotyl explants 7, 14 and 21- day- old. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were found in the interactions of BA and TDZ concentrations along with the ages of the explants. Maximum shoots regeneration was obtained using 4.5 mg l-1 BA and 0.30 mg l-1 TDZ. Shoot regeneration was highly affected by the age of the explants. We found that 21-day-old explants were more likely to undergo shoot development than the others. Under these culture conditions, the highest percentage of shoot regeneration was 174.0% for hypocotyl explants. Regenera-ted shoots rooted when cultured on a root induction medium supplemented with 2 mg l-1 of indolebutyric acid(IBA).The rooted plantlets were successfully established in the soil and developed normal fertile flowers and viable seeds. In light of its efficiency, this hypocotyl regeneration method could be a suitable tool for genetic transformation. A. Fumefaciens strain LBA4404 carring disarmed binary vector pBI121 was used for plant transformation. After cocultivation for 48h, the hypocotyl explants were placed on shoot induction media containing 10 mgl-1 kanamycine. The green shoots were transferred to root induction medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to green house. Six kanamycine resistance plants from 75 hypocotyl and grown for seed formation. GUS assay and PCR confirmed the introduction of the T-DNA into the transgenic rapeseed genome. The gene transfere system described in this method has a great potential for genetic improvement of Brassica napus by introducing genes responsible for agronomically important traits such as herbicide tolerance.

Many different plant species synthesize triterpenoid saponins as part of their normal programme of growth and development. Examples include plants that are exploited as sources of drugs. Interest in these molecules stems from their medicinal properties, antimicrobial activity, and their likely role as determinants of plant disease resistance. Daisy (Bellis perennis L.) accumulates triterpenoid saponins in roots in response to salicylic acid (SA) and pathogens. The results of the research indicates that the amount of saponins in treated plants with SA was more than in the control plants. The amounts of saponins in infected plants and without SA was more than in the control plants. When infected plants were treated with SA, increases of saponins was shown in plants. The peaks observed in HPLC and their comparision with saponin standard confirm the results mentioned above. It is concluded that SA has significantly reduced diseases severity and increase the amount of saponins in infected and non-infected Daisy plants.

In this research, 207 vertical electrical sounding (VES), with schlumberger configu-reation in Shooru aquifer, located at 80 km from Zahedan have done and after the data collection the VES were analyzed and interpreted by a Russian geoelectric software (IPI7.61). Using the investigated geoelectrical model of aquifer, the isodepth, isoresistivity and piesometric maps were drawn. Considering the piesometric map the aquifer boundary, aquifer thickness, bedrock maps were determined; and the flow direction and the aquifer outlet have been determined; The aquifer bedrock generally consists of Slate. In some part of aquifer Shale rocks appeared as small hummocky. According to the geoelectrical two parts; divided model the aquifer: a) the eastern part with an average thickness of 30 meter, and b) the western part with an average thickness of 40 meter. Using the similarity of fluid flow in porous media and electrical current in porous material and using the geoelectrical parameters of aquifer the hydrogeological parameters such as porosity, specific yield, storage volume and volume of recoverable ground water were determined. The porosity and specific yield of aquifer were estimated as 0.37 and 0.18 respectively. The recoverable volume of water from aquifer was estimates as 8.55*108 cubic meters.

Thin film phthalocyanines(PC), incloding zinc, iron, and magnesium phthalocyani-nes, were prepared by vacuum deposition method. Chronocoulometry was used to study the charge transfer reaction mechanism of ionic species through the thin films. The results obtained in chronocoulometric studies shows that the thin film phthalocyanines could operate via two mechanisms.The first mechanism metal PC thin film behaves as a semiconductor electrode and charge transfer occurs at the surface of phthalocyanine electrode.The second mechanism reflects the passing of electrolyte ionic species (nitrate, perchlorate, and chloride anions) through the PC thin film (membrane). The thickness of the prepared PC film is a limiting and determining factor, so that for a thickness of <100Ǻ passing of anions through the membrane, and for a thickness of >100Ǻ semiconductorial effects were observed. The thickness of thin film metal phthalocyanines were 100 – 3000Ǻ.

Non-catalytic conversion of methane to ethylene and ethane was studied using non-equilibrium positive corona discharge at atmospheric pressure.The total selectivity for C2 hydrocarbons was more than 87% with a yield of 4.8% ethylene. The effect of voltage, temperature, and the ratio of methane to oxygen on methane conversion and selectivity of products at different levels are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the methane conversion increases with increasing the voltage applied to the electrodes. The methane conversion up to 300oC increases but above this temperature depend on feed ratio, it may increase or decrease. The highest methane conversion and C2 yield occures at CH4/O2 = 4/1.In a few experimets smale amounts of COX also was produced.

Reduction of methoxyketon 1 by NaBH4 gives methoxyketol 2. Allthough acetate and tosylate of this alchohol were not seprated, benzoate ester was isolated. Reduction of ketol 2 by LiAlH4 gives alchohol 4. Ketol 9 does not react with methyl magnesium iodide, but methoxyketon 1 react with both methyl magnesium iodide and phenyl magnesium iodide gives corresponding hydrocarbons. Keton 13 with phenylmagnesium iodide transforms to hydrocarbon 14. Compound 12 and 14 are light sensitive, disposing to light will change each of them to a mixture.